Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
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152 results found
Article
Anatomy curriculum
The anatomy curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core anatomy knowledge for radiologists and imaging specialists.
General anatomy
Neuroanatomy
Head and neck anatomy
Thoracic anatomy
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy
Spinal anat...
Article
Anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung
Anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal lung is an anatomical variant where a portion of the lung (usually a basal segment) gets supplied by a systemic vessel without a distinct pulmonary sequestration.
Terminology
It was traditionally (perhaps inappropriately since not a true sequestrati...
Article
Antegrade ureteric stent
Antegrade ureteric stents are performed under fluoroscopic guidance, typically by an interventional radiologist or urologist. It is performed via percutaneous access from the kidney. It is usually performed using the access from a prior percutaneous nephrostomy, a so-called two-step procedure, a...
Article
Antonio Egas Moniz
Antonio Egas Moniz (1874-1955) 1 was a pioneering Portuguese neurologist that is notable in radiology history for his development of cerebral angiography in 1927.
He is also known as the developer of prefrontal leucotomy (now better known as a lobotomy) for which he received a Nobel Prize in 1...
Article
Aortic pseudoaneurysm versus ductus diverticulum
Differentiation of aortic pseudoaneurysm from ductus diverticulum is critical, particularly in the trauma setting. A traumatic aortic pseudoaneurysm is a surgical emergency whereas a ductus diverticulum is a normal anatomy variant.
The following are differentiating features:
Aortic pseudoaneur...
Article
Avascular plane of Brodel
The avascular plane of Brodel is the section of renal parenchyma between 2/3 anterior and 1/3 posterior kidney on the cross-section that is relatively avascular. The reason for its relative avascularity is that it represents the plane where the anterior and posterior segmental renal artery branc...
Article
Bähren classification of left varicoceles
Bähren classification of left varicoceles:
type 0: no evidence of venous reflux in internal spermatic vein (ISV)
type I: single ISV with insufficient or absent valve
type II: single ISV with ≥ 2 ostia to renal vein; may be branches to ascending lumbar/retroperitoneal veins
IIa: insufficient ...
Article
Biffl scale for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The Biffl scale or grade illustrates the spectrum of blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) seen on angiography (both CTA and DSA). Some authors refer to the grading scale as the Denver scale, which is not to be confused with the Denver criteria, a series of clinical indications and risk factors fo...
Article
Blood blister-like aneurysm
Blood blister-like aneurysm is a broad-based bulge at a non-branch point of a vessel, which is unlike saccular (or 'berry') aneurysms which usually occur at branch points.
Clinical presentation
Middle-aged patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Pathology
A focal defect in the arterial wall c...
Article
Breast core biopsy
The percutaneous breast biopsy is one of the current choices for focal histopathological assessment of breast lesions. In contrast to fine needle aspiration, during a core needle biopsy, a hollow needle is used to withdraw small cores of tissue from the area of interest in the breast.
This pro...
Article
Breast ductography
Breast ductography (a.k.a. galactography) is an imaging technique which is used to evaluate lesions causing nipple discharge. It helps in precisely locating the mass within breast tissue and gives useful information for surgical approach and planning.
Technique
A blunt-tipped sialogram needle ...
Article
Buried bumper syndrome
Buried bumper syndrome (BBS) is a rare but important complication in patients with a percutaneous gastrostomy tube, occurring by migration of the internal bumper along its track. The tube may get lodged anywhere between the gastric wall and the skin and lead to life-threatening complications inc...
Article
Carbon dioxide angiography
Carbon dioxide is an excellent low-density contrast material which has been used for a variety of vascular interventions since the introduction of digital subtraction angiography. Due to high solubility rate and rapid diffusibility via lung CO2 is safe for intravascular usage.
Physical and chem...
Article
Caroticocavernous fistula
Caroticocavernous fistulas (CCF) represent abnormal communication between the carotid circulation and the cavernous sinus. They can be classified as direct or indirect which are separate conditions with different etiologies.
Epidemiology
Direct CCFs are often secondary to trauma, and as such...
Article
Carotid arterial stenting
Carotid arterial stenting (CAS) is a minimally invasive endovascular interventional procedure that can potentially offer the same advantage as surgery (carotid endarterectomy).
Indications
Indications for carotid stenting are evolving with endarterectomy trials that evaluate the carotid stenos...
Article
Carotid web
Carotid webs, also known as carotid intimal variant fibromuscular dysplasia, are rare vascular pathologies of the internal carotid artery that are an important cause of cryptogenic and recurrent ischemic stroke.
Terminology
Carotid webs have had many different names in the literature, includin...
Article
Catheter-directed thrombolysis
Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is an endovascular approach to the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. It involves the administration of a lytic agent directly into a thrombus.
Indications
precise diagnosis of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
first episode of acute ili...
Article
Caudal epidural injection
Caudal epidural injections, or sacral hiatus epidural injections, are one of several possible spinal epidural injections.
Indications
Typically, epidural injections are performed in patients who are currently not surgical candidates. The caudal injection can be performed when patients are on ...
Article
Central venous catheter
Central venous catheters (CVC) or lines (CVL) refer to a wide range of central venous access devices but can broadly be divided into four categories. They may be inserted by medical, surgical, anesthetic/ITU, or radiology specialists.
Classification
peripherally inserted central catheters (PIC...
Article
Cervical interlaminar epidural injection
Cervical interlaminar epidural injections are one of some possible spinal epidural injections. For an alternative approach for the same region, please refer to the article on cervical transforaminal epidural injections.
Indications
Typically epidural injections are performed in patients with ...
Article
Charles T Dotter
Charles T Dotter (1920-1985) is often considered the father of interventional radiology who in 1964 performed the very first peripheral angioplasty, and made many other major contributions in this field.
Early life
Charles Theodore Dotter was born in Boston on 14th June 1920. He graduated with...
Article
Classification of endoleaks
Endoleaks occur when an aneurysmal sac continues to be pressurised despite endoluminal stent placement. See the full article on endoleaks here.
Classification
There are five types:
type I: leak at graft ends (inadequate seal) - most common after repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms 4
Ia: prox...
Article
Celiac plexus block
Celiac plexus block under image guidance is an easy and safe percutaneous procedure with good outcomes for pain palliation in patients who have chronic abdominal pain related to the celiac ganglia.
This usually includes patients with advanced cancers, especially from upper abdominal viscera, s...
Article
Coil herniation
A coil herniation refers to the part of a detachable coil prolapsing out of the aneurysm and into the parent artery. It is an uncommon complication and is typically seen at the end of the embolization procedure. Contributing factors include 1:
wide aneurysm neck
instability of the coil in the ...
Article
Cordocentesis
Cordocentesis is a method of fetal blood sampling which is usually carried out under ultrasound guidance.
Indications
It may be performed for various reasons which include:
establish the degree of a fetal anemia
further investigation of an underlying chromosomal anomaly
further investigatio...
Article
CT cisternography
Computed tomography (CT) cisternography is an imaging technique used to diagnose CSF rhinorrhea or CSF otorrhea (CSF leaks), as CT allows the assessment of the bones of the base of skull.
Procedure
pre-contrast CT is performed with thin slices
3-10 mL of an iodinated non-ionic low-osmolar co...
Article
CT guided adrenal biopsy
CT guided adrenal biopsy is usually performed for the diagnosis of indeterminate adrenal nodules or tumors. This procedure has declined in recent years due to improvements in, and validation of, non-invasive CT and MR techniques that can now diagnose benign adrenal lesions with a high degree of ...
Article
CT guided biopsy
CT guided biopsy is a type of image guided biopsy. It is generally less commonly used than ultrasound guided biopsy, however, in some anatomical areas it has greater precedence, such as lung and bone biopsies.
CT guided biopsy requires good teamwork with radiographic staff as it is not truly dy...
Article
CT guided percutaneous drainage
CT guided percutaneous drainage is one form of image-guided drainage, allowing minimally invasive treatment of collections, potentially anywhere in the body. Although less commonly used than ultrasound guidance, it is particularly valuable in gaining access to deeper or more posterior parts of t...
Article
CT guided thoracic biopsy
CT guided thoracic biopsy is usually performed for the diagnosis of suspicious lung, pleural or mediastinal lesions. It can be performed as an outpatient where patient monitoring and complications support are available. A small percentage of lung and pleural biopsies may be performed under ultr...
Article
Denver criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The Denver criteria are a set of screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in trauma used to reduce the need for CT angiography and its associated radiation exposure.
Screening criteria
The screening protocol criteria 1,3 for BCVI are divided into signs and symptoms of BCVI a...
Article
Denver shunt
A Denver shunt, or peritoneovenous shunt, is a device used to shunt ascites to the superior vena cava in patients with refractory ascites.
The proximal end is located in the peritoneal cavity and the distal end in the superior vena cava, with a subcutaneous course in the anterior chest wall. It...
Article
Digital subtraction angiography
Digital subtraction angiography is a fluoroscopic technique used extensively in interventional radiology for visualizing blood vessels. Radiopaque structures such as bones are eliminated ("subtracted") digitally from the image, thus allowing for accurate depiction of the blood vessels.
History
...
Article
DM interventional radiology
DM interventional radiology superspecialty course is a 3-year postgraduate subspecialty training in interventional radiology with the pre-requisites being a primary medical degree and DNB radiodiagnosis.
Article
DNB in endovascular and interventional radiology
DNB in endovascular and interventional radiology is a post doctoral DNB super specialty programme in India.
eligibility:
should be post graduate degree in MD/DNB radiology
national eligibility cum entrance test (NEETSS)/CET(SS)
duration of course: 3 year full time residency program
Article
Double density sign (berry aneurysm)
Double density sign of berry aneurysms refers to the angiographic appearance of a small intracranial aneurysm projecting in front or behind a vessel of similar caliber. As such, the border of the aneurysm cannot easily be seen, but the extra contrast within it can be seen as a rounded area of in...
Article
Endocrine venous sampling
Endocrine venous sampling is a set of similar interventional techniques proposed for the specific diagnosis of some endocrine disorders such as:
inferior petrosal sinus sampling
evaluates for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma as etiology for endogenous Cushing syndrome
selective venous sampli...
Article
Endoleak
Endoleaks are characterized by persistent blood flow within the aneurysm sac following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Normally the aortic stent-graft used for EVAR excludes the aneurysm from the circulation by providing a conduit for blood to bypass the sac.
Epidemiology
An endoleak is a...
Article
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic and interventional procedure technique using both endoscopy and fluoroscopy for examination and intervention of the biliary tree and pancreatic ducts. It is typically performed by doctors with endoscopic qualifications (e.g. g...
Article
Endovascular aneurysm repair
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was first pioneered in the early 1990s. Since then technology of the devices has rapidly progressed and EVAR is now widely used as treatment of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA).
The advantages of endovascular repair over open repair are that they...
Article
Endovascular aneurysm sealing system (EVAS)
Endovascular aneurysm sealing system (EVAS) was developed with the intention to expand beyond the anatomic limitations of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) devices, as well as to decrease the rates of re-intervention secondary to graft migration and type II endoleaks.
EVAS was designed by End...
Article
Epidural blood patch
Epidural blood patch is a treatment option for patients with craniospinal hypotension or post lumbar puncture headaches. The procedure can be done blind or under fluoroscopic or CT guidance, and is performed predominantly by radiologists and anesthesiologists.
Indications
craniospinal hypoten...
Article
Femoral artery pseudoaneurysm
Femoral artery pseudoaneurysms are usually iatrogenic, as the femoral artery is the vessel of choice for most endovascular arterial interventions.
Pathology
Etiology
iatrogenic
anticoagulation therapy
inadequate compression following endovascular intervention
improper arterial puncture tec...
Article
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a heterogeneous group of vascular lesions characterized by an idiopathic, non-inflammatory, and non-atherosclerotic angiopathy of small and medium-sized arteries.
Epidemiology
The prevalence is unknown 7. It is most common in young women with a female to male r...
Article
Flow-diverter stent
Flow-diverter stents are relatively new and important devices in the management of intracranial aneurysms, especially ones that are large, broad-necked or fusiform.
Complications
In a multi-center study in Italy, Briganti et al. reported an overall morbidity rate of 3.7% and a mortality rate ...
Article
Fluoroscopic nasojejunal tube insertion
Fluoroscopic nasojejunal (NJT) or nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is a valuable procedure offered by radiologists in patient care.
The majority of nasogastric tubes are inserted on the ward level and nasojejunal tubes may be placed in theater at the time of surgery. In difficult cases, inserti...
Article
Fluoroscopy guided lumbar puncture
Fluoroscopy-guided lumbar puncture (LP) is a minimally invasive, image-guided diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves the removal of a small volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from, or an injection of medication or other substance (e.g. radiotracer, chemotherapy agents) into the lumb...
Article
French gauge
The French gauge (Fr) (also known as the French scale or system) is used to size catheters, and other instruments, in interventional radiology and surgery. In some parts of the world, the Charrière (Ch) is used as the name of the unit, in honor of its inventor.
French sizing
The French system...
Article
Glenohumeral joint injection (technique)
Glenohumeral joint injections (often referred to as shoulder injections ) are performed as part of a number of therapeutic and imaging procedures using a variety of approaches and modalities. The underlying principles shared by all techniques are to avoid damage to the glenoid labrum, long head ...
Article
Glenohumeral joint hydrodilatation
Glenohumeral joint (shoulder) hydrodilatation or tension arthrography is an established treatment for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (frozen shoulder) and can be performed using a variety of modalities.
Indications
adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
Contraindications
anticoagulation/c...
Article
Haemodialysis arteriovenous fistula
An acquired arm arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation is a procedure performed for haemodialysis access in those with end stage renal failure. It connects and artery to a vein in the vein. This can either be a native connection or a connection using a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) graft.
There ...
Article
Hemoptysis
Hemoptysis refers to coughing out blood. Generally, it appears bright red in color as opposed to blood from the gastrointestinal tract which appears dark red. It is considered an alarming sign of a serious underlying etiology.
Terminology
Massive hemoptysis is referred to as expectoration of >...
Article
Heimlich valve
The Heimlich valve, also known as the flutter valve, is a unidirectional valve to ensure that gas/fluid drained from the pleural space cannot flow back in.
The Heimlich valve is cheap, easy to use, and does not require clamping unlike 'traditional' thoracostomy drainage tubes. Suction can stil...
Article
Hepatic chemosaturation
Hepatic chemosaturation is a percutaneous technique used to locally treat unresectable hepatic metastases in patients without systemic disease.
Technique
The key to this technique is isolating the blood supply to the liver. This is achieved by:
closure of the gastro-duodenal artery by coiling...
Article
Hickman catheter
Hickman catheters (or Hickman lines) are a type of tunnelled central venous access device.
Indications
chemotherapy administration 2
parenteral nutrition 2
long-term parenteral antibiotic administration 2
Complications
Insertion
arrhythmia (most common) 1
arterial injury
kinking
pneumo...
Article
High-intensity focused ultrasound
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a promising non-invasive thermal ablation technique.
Unlike diagnostic ultrasound, HIFU focuses the ultrasound waves precisely upon a target. In a similar way to how light can be focused to a burning point by a magnifying glass, ultrasound passes thro...
Article
Iliac artery aneurysm
Iliac arterial aneurysms are focal dilatations of the iliac artery.
Although the dimensions that define the aneurysm are dependent on the sex of the patient and the portion of the artery involved, a common iliac artery (CIA) with a diameter ≥1.7 cm in males or ≥1.5 cm in females is considered ...
Article
Iliac vein occlusion
Iliac vein occlusion can be due to the variety of causes including:
iatrogenic
neonatal catheters
catheter dissection injuries
IVC filter insertion
dialysis catheters
malignancy-related
direct tumor invasion
radiotherapy
enlarged lymph nodes
hypercoagulable state
prior DVTs
May-Thr...
Article
Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (iliofemoral DVT) occurs when a thrombus in the iliac vein (common, external or internal) or common femoral vein obstructs the venous outflow from the lower limb leading to marked edema; DVT of the IVC or the more distal lower limb veins may be present.
Terminol...
Article
Image plate artifact
Image plate artifact is caused by backscatter radiation.
Backscatter radiation is transmitted through the back of the cassette to the cassette hinge where the lead coating gets weakened or cracked.
To reduce backscatter, the radiographer should collimate where possible.
Article
Implantable port
Implantable ports, also known as chemoports, totally implantable central venous access ports or Port-A-Caths®, are a type of central venous catheter for patients requiring long-term venous access. They offer the ability to have long-term central venous access with some of the advantages over per...
Article
Inferior petrosal sinus sampling
Inferior petrosal sinus sampling is an infrequently used method of confirming the presence of a hormonally active pituitary microadenoma, when imaging alone has been insufficient. This technique is able to confirm that excess hormone (e.g. ACTH) is being produced by the pituitary and may also he...
Article
Inferior vena cava filter
Inferior vena cava filter, or just IVC filter, is an endovascular device which is typically placed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) to prevent pulmonary embolism in selected patients. This procedure is most often performed by interventional radiologists under fluoroscopic guidance.
In...
Article
Infusothorax
Infusothorax is a complication of central venous catheter malposition where the catheter tip is located in the pleural space and the infusion of the fluid collects inadvertantly in the pleural space in the form of a pleural effusion. Longer term complications depend on the fluid being infused.
Article
Interventional procedure article structure
Interventional articles necessarily require a different structure to other articles. It is important for them to have a consistent structure to maintain uniformity across the site. The suggested structure and headings (and heading size) are as follows:
==========================================...
Article
Intervention curriculum
The interventional radiology curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core interventional knowledge. As the different procedures are intrinsically linked to the various radiology subspecialties, its content is mixed with some of the ...
Article
Intra-aortic balloon pump
Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) are used in the intensive care setting to provide haemodynamic assistance to patients in cardiogenic shock.
Function and physiology
The device is comprised of a catheter introduced via a femoral artery sheath, which extends retrogradely to the proximal descend...
Article
Intracranial mycotic aneurysm
Intracranial mycotic aneurysms, or intracranial infectious aneurysms, describe aneurysms arising from infection of the arterial wall of intracranial vessels.
See mycotic aneurysm for a general discussion on infectious aneurysms.
Epidemiology
The epidemiology of intracerebral mycotic aneurysms...
Article
Iophendylate
Iophendylate (generic name is iodophenylundecylic acid) and sold under the tradename Myodil (except the USA where it was marketed as Pantopaque) was an oil-based contrast medium that was previously used for myelography. It was first used in 1944, but officially discontinued in 1988 6.
The iodin...
Article
Irreversible electroporation
Irreversible electroporation (IRE), also known as non-thermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE), is a non-invasive soft-tissue ablation technique used for tumor ablation in regions that require very high precision and preservation of surrounding structures.
Mechanism
In IRE electrodes are p...
Article
Jugular venous catheters
The internal jugular vein is a preferred site for venous access for large lumen, long-term central venous catheters for chemotherapy, hemofiltration and plasma exchange.
Typically, the right internal jugular is used as its vertical course straight down into the superior vena cava via the right...
Article
Labelled imaging anatomy cases
This article lists a series of labelled imaging anatomy cases by system and modality.
Brain
CT head: non-contrast axial
CT head: non-contrast coronal
CT head: non-contrast sagittal
CT head: angiogram axial
CT head: angiogram coronal
CT head: angiogram sagittal
MR head: T2 axial
MR head:...
Article
Liver and biliary interventional procedures
There is a wide range of liver and biliary interventional procedures, both diagnostic and therapeutic, most commonly using CT-guidance or ultrasound-guidance.
Vascular Interventions:
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB)
Percutaneous interven...
Article
Liver biopsy (transjugular)
Transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) is an alternative to a percutaneous liver biopsy in patients with diffuse liver disease, coagulopathy and ascites.
It is sometimes done in combination with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) or venography.
Indications
massive ascites
coag...
Article
Lumbar interlaminar epidural injection
Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections are one of some possible spinal epidural injections. For an alternative approach for the same region, please refer to the article on lumbar transforaminal epidural injections.
Indications
Typically, epidural injections are performed in patients with rad...
Article
Marginal artery of Drummond
The marginal artery of Drummond, also known as the marginal artery of the colon, is a continuous arterial circle or arcade along the inner border of the colon formed by the anastomoses of the terminal branches of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
Gross a...
Article
May-Thurner syndrome
May-Thurner syndrome refers to a chronic compression of the left common iliac vein (CIV) against the lumbar vertebrae by the overlying right common iliac artery (CIA), with or without deep venous thrombosis 2.
Although both left and right CIVs lie deep to the right common iliac artery, the left...
Article
Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke
Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke is the endovascular retrieval of clots obstructing large intracranial vessels in acute ischemic stroke patients.
History
In 2015, multiple randomized controlled trials showed improved clinical outcome in patients with acute stroke due to large ...
Article
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis are important to be recognised, just like medical devices of the chest. Often we ignore these devices, considering them to be incidental and non-pathological, however it is essential to be aware of potential complications.
Gastrointestinal tubes
stomac...
Article
Mercedes-Benz sign (aorta)
The Mercedes-Benz sign can be seen in the aorta in the context of aortic dissection on CT 1.
It is seen at three distinct intimal flaps that have a triradiate configuration similar to the Mercedes-Benz logo (Figure 1). Two of the three lumens outline by these intimal flaps belong to the false ...
Article
Metallic ureteric stent
Metallic ureteric stents are a type of ureteric stent developed to offer improved symptomatic relief of obstruction when compared to polymeric (polyurethane) stents. They are often used in patients with chronic malignant ureteric obstructions who require placement of long-term ureteral stents to...
Article
Modified Memphis criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The modified Memphis criteria are a set of screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in trauma. The presence of one or more of these criteria makes necessary a complementary CTA or DSA study to exclude a BCVI.
The screening protocol criteria for BCVI are:
base of skull fractur...
Article
MR arthrogram solution
An MR arthrogram solution is a dilute solution of gadolinium that is used in MR arthrography for injection into the joint prior to imaging. The joint injection is performed under fluoroscopic guidance.
In vitro studies suggest that the ideal gadolinium medium concentration is ~2-2.5 mmol/L, how...
Article
Multiphase CT angiography in acute ischemic stroke
Multiphase CT angiography is an evolving imaging technique in acute ischemic stroke. The technique aims to quickly and reliably identify brain which is potentially salvageable with intervention. Brain tissue viability depends on many factors, with this technique assessing collateral leptomeninge...
Article
Nasogastric tube positioning
Assessment of nasogastric (NG) tube positioning is a key competency of all doctors as unidentified malpositioning may have dire consequences, including death.
The ideal position should be in the sub-diaphragmatic position in the stomach - identified on a plain chest radiograph as overlying the ...
Article
Needle gauge system
The needle gauge system, often called just the Gauge or G, is an internationally-used scale for sizing needles. It was adopted from pre-existing gauges which were used in industry to size metal wire.
In contradistinction to the French scale, the other well-known sizing system, which is a metric...
Article
Esophageal intubation
Esophageal intubation refers to the incorrect placement of an endotracheal tube in the esophagus. Within minutes its consequences can be catastrophic with the seriousness of its outcome depending largely on the timeliness of its diagnosis.
Epidemiology
Accidental esophageal intubation can happ...
Article
Esophageal stent
Esophageal stents are a treatment option in patients with esophageal strictures. It is most commonly used for symptomatic relief in those with dysphagia secondary to malignancy. The stent is typically covered in nature and inserted endoscopically or fluoroscopically. The distal esophagus is the ...
Article
Onyx
OnyxTM is the trade name for a liquid embolic agent used in interventional radiology for the occlusion of blood vessels in embolization therapy. It is an elastic copolymer (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)), dissolved in dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO). Micronised tantalum powder is also added ...
Article
Ovarian vein embolization
Ovarian vein embolization is an interventional technique primarily used towards the treatment of varicosities.
Indications
The main indications are:
as part of management of pelvic congestion syndrome 1-4
to treat pelvic varicosities diagnosed by imaging
to treat labial and/or perineal vari...
Article
Patent track sign
Patent track sign is a finding on color Doppler ultrasound, representing blood traveling along the course a biopsy needle track. It can occur after a biopsy of any organ, but is more often seen after liver or kidney biopsies.
Radiographic findings
linear color Doppler flow along the course of ...
Article
Pelvic abscess
A pelvic abscess refers to a walled-off collection of pus in the pelvis.
Pathology
Etiology
Some of the causes include:
pelvic inflammatory disease (tubo-ovarian abscess)
iatrogenic e.g. post surgical
inflammatory bowel disease
pelvic actinomycosis infection
diverticulitis
Clinical pre...
Article
Percutaneous cholecystostomy
Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an image-guided placement of drainage catheter into gallbladder lumen. This minimally invasive procedure can aid the stabilisation of a patient to enable a more measured surgical approach with time for therapeutic planning.
A 2018 study 11 demonstrate no differen...